Hypertension in Pregnancy: What Every Mother-to-Be Should Know

Pregnancy is a beautiful journey, but it also comes with its share of challenges. Among them, high blood pressure (hypertension) is one of the most common concerns for expectant mothers. Whether it’s your first pregnancy or you’ve experienced complications before, understanding hypertension during pregnancy can help you stay in control and safeguard both your health and your baby’s well-being.

Some women experience pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), which can develop after 20 weeks of pregnancy. If left unchecked, it can lead to complications such as pre-eclampsia, placental abruption, or preterm delivery. However, with early detection, lifestyle changes, and medical support, most women can manage their blood pressure effectively and have a healthy pregnancy.

What is Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH)?

PIH refers to newly developed hypertension during pregnancy, without the presence of protein in the urine or other symptoms of pre-eclampsia. Hypertension is defined as blood pressure higher than 140/90 mmHg. It can have serious effects on both mother and baby if not monitored properly.

Causes & Risk Factors of PIH

There is no single cause of PIH, but several factors can increase your risk:

• Being overweight or obese
• Lack of physical activity
• Smoking or alcohol consumption
• Family history of hypertension or PIH
• Previous history of PIH in past pregnancies
• Multiple pregnancy (twins or more)
• Maternal age (below 18 or over 35 years old)
• Pre-existing diabetes, kidney disease, or high blood pressure
• Living with a single kidney
• IVF pregnancies
• Placental abnormalities

Types of Hypertension in Pregnancy

• Gestational Hypertension:​
  Develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy, with high blood pressure but no protein in the urine or organ damage. Some women with gestational hypertension may develop pre-eclampsia later in pregnancy.
• Chronic Hypertension:​
  High blood pressure present before pregnancy or occurring before 20 weeks of gestation. This type may go undiagnosed if regular BP checks were not done before pregnancy.
• Chronic Hypertension with Superimposed Pre-Eclampsia:
  Women with chronic hypertension who develop worsening blood pressure, protein in the urine, or other complications during pregnancy.
• Pre-Eclampsia:​
  A serious pregnancy complication that includes high blood pressure, proteinuria (protein in the urine), and signs of organ damage. If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications for both mother and baby.
• Eclampsia:
  A severe form of pre-eclampsia that leads to seizures, which can be life-threatening for both mother and baby.

Symptoms of PIH & Pre-Eclampsia

Look out for the following warning signs:

• Severe headaches
• Blurred vision or sensitivity to light
• Pain in the upper abdomen (under the ribs, right side)
• Nausea or vomiting
• Sudden swelling in the face, hands, or feet
• Decreased urine output
• Shortness of breath (fluid in the lungs)
• Dizziness or fainting spells
• Spots or flashes before your eyes
• Blood in urine
• Decreased levels of platelets in your blood (thrombocytopenia)
• Impaired liver function

If you experience any of the symptoms mentioned, immediately report to your Gynecologist or health care provider.

Complications of PIH

If left unmanaged, hypertension in pregnancy can lead to:

1. Preterm Labour: Premature birth due to complications.
2. Placental Abruption: The placenta partially or completely separates from the uterus before birth, depriving the baby of oxygen and nutrients.
3. Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR): The baby may have restricted growth due to reduced blood supply.
4. Organ Damage: Liver, kidney, and blood clotting issues.
5. Stillbirth (IUD – Intrauterine Death): In severe, untreated cases.
6. Postpartum Hypertension: Some women may continue to experience high blood pressure after delivery, requiring continued medical care.

Managing PIH for a Healthy Pregnancy

• Follow Your Doctor’s Advice – Attend all antenatal appointments and take prescribed medications as directed.
• Rest as Advised – Your doctor may recommend bed rest depending on your blood pressure.
• Manage Stress – Meditation, deep breathing, and engaging in relaxing activities can help.
• Reduce Salt Intake – Cut down on processed foods, salty snacks, and added table salt.
• Eat a Nutritious Diet – Prioritise whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
• Stay Active – Engage in light exercises such as walking or prenatal yoga if approved by your doctor.
• Stay Hydrated – Drink plenty of water to maintain proper circulation.
• Monitor Your Blood Pressure – Regularly check your BP at home and report any concerns to your doctor.

Maintaining a healthy blood pressure throughout pregnancy is crucial for both maternal and foetal well-being. Early detection, lifestyle modifications, and regular medical check-ups can help prevent complications.

1. Start healthy habits before pregnancy to reduce your risk of PIH.
2. Listen to your body and report any unusual symptoms to your doctor.
3. Prioritise a balanced lifestyle with a nutritious diet, regular movement, and stress management.
4. Remember, a Healthy Mother = a Healthy Baby!

Have you experienced hypertension during pregnancy? Share your experience in the comments below!

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